Cultural Influences on Interior Design: A Global Perspective

February 1, 2023 Viola Behringer

I’ve always been fascinated by the ways in which culture influences the use, look, and feel of the spaces we inhabit. I wanted to explore this in more detail, but I vastly underestimated this task. It is for this reason that I’ve only chosen to explore the general trends and influences of interior design on each continent, as a starting point for further research.

It is important to note that this article is not exhaustive and I do not aim to stereotype or generalize the design choices of entire continents. I simply want to provide a broad overview of the influences that shape interior design in each region. It is important to keep in mind that design choices are constantly evolving and can vary greatly within each continent during any given timeframe.

Asia

As the oldest Eastern civilization, China has had a great influence on the art and culture of other regions. The Confucian philosophy of the harmony between human and nature is reflected in the design of homes, with a focus on creating an environment that is pleasing to both the eye and the mind. The influence of Taoism can be seen in an emphasis on creating a sense of flow and openness in space. Zen Buddhism emphasizes simplicity and minimalism, which is often reflected in Zen furniture design, which features elegant and simple lines, pure colours, and rich imagery. Zen furniture is often made from materials such as walnut and camphor wood, and may also include glass and stone. The goal is to create a quiet and comfortable home atmosphere.

Japanese architecture has been heavily influenced by Chinese concepts, particularly during the 8th to 12th centuries. However, it has evolved to create a unique aesthetic that is characterized by its lightness, simplicity, and elegance. Modern design elements in Japan include the use of tatami matting to cover the entire wooden floor and the use of sliding doors to replace traditional single-leaf screens or curtains. In traditional Japanese homes, there are often no permanent walls on two sides of the house and interior partitions are made of paper on a wooden frame, which allows for a soft, diffused light. These partitions are typically moveable, which allows for flexibility in rearranging the interior layout. Furniture is low and often multi-functional, with shelves and storage spaces that reflect the asymmetrical aesthetic of Japanese art.

The evolution of Japanese interior design can be traced back to the late 15th century, when the traditional court style began to merge with the more minimalistic approach favoured by the military class, heavily influenced by Zen Buddhist architecture. Their philosophy was to achieve beauty through simplicity, asymmetry, and economy of movement, resulting in the elegant and uncluttered interiors commonly associated with Japanese design today.

The architecture of India has a rich history dating back to ancient times. Traditional Indian homes were designed to promote a sense of spiritual connectedness and harmony with nature. This is reflected in the use of natural materials, such as wood, stone, and mud, as well as the incorporation of sacred symbols and motifs. The use of vibrant colours and intricate patterns is also a common feature of traditional Indian interior design.

In modern times, Indian interior design has evolved to include a mix of traditional and contemporary elements. The use of traditional textiles, such as hand-woven silk and cotton, is still popular, as well as the incorporation of traditional motifs and patterns. However, there is also a growing trend towards minimalism and a more contemporary, worldly, aesthetic. Increasing focus is placed on sustainability, using eco-friendly materials and promoting energy efficiency in the designs.

North America

Native American architecture has been shaped by the unique cultural and environmental conditions of the many different tribes and nations that have inhabited North America for thousands of years. In pre-colonial times, indigenous peoples crafted their homes and furnishings using materials found in the local environment, such as wood, bark, animal skins, and natural fibres. These materials were often decorated with intricate patterns and symbols that had deep cultural and spiritual significance.

In the centuries since European colonization, many Native American communities have been forced to adapt to new building materials and styles, often losing traditional practices and designs in the process. However, in recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in preserving and revitalizing traditional Native American design, with many tribes and organizations working to reclaim and celebrate their cultural heritage through art, architecture, and craftsmanship. Today, Native American interior design is characterized by a deep respect for the natural world, a focus on the importance of community and family, and a connection to the spiritual and cultural traditions of the past.

American architecture has a rich history that is closely tied to the country's colonial roots. During the earliest days of the colonies, American interiors closely followed the styles of the colonizing countries, such as England, France, and the Netherlands. This was due in part to the limited knowledge and resources available to the settlers at the time. However, as the colonies began to establish themselves and develop their own unique identities, American interior design began to adapt and change, incorporating new materials and influences found in the region.

Over time, American architecture and design evolved separately from the styles of the colonizing countries and began to develop its own distinct characteristics. This process was gradual, taking place over many decades and centuries, as the country grew and expanded. Early American design was heavily influenced by the practical needs of the settlers and the materials available to them. For example, in the northern colonies, the use of wood was prevalent, while in the southern colonies, brick and plaster were more commonly used.

In recent years, American interior design has continued to evolve and change, incorporating new styles and trends from around the world. However, it still retains its unique characteristics and aesthetic, reflecting the country's rich history and diverse cultural influences.

Canada followed a similar path from colonies to its own unique identity. Canadian architecture began to incorporate elements from the indigenous cultures and the natural environment. For example, the use of natural materials such as wood, stone, and animal hides became prominent in the design of rustic cabin interiors, while the incorporation of traditional First Nations textiles and patterns can be seen in more contemporary designs.

As Canada became more urbanized in the 19th and 20th centuries, Canadian interior design began to incorporate elements from different global styles such as Art Deco and Mid-century modern. This led to a blending of traditional and contemporary design elements, creating a unique aesthetic that reflects the country's multicultural heritage.

South America

The indigenous people of Brazil had a deep understanding of the natural environment and this is reflected in their architectural and interior design. They used materials such as bamboo, palm leaves, and thatch to create homes that were in harmony with the surrounding landscape.

During the colonial period, the Portuguese colonizers brought their own architectural and interior design styles to Brazil. These styles were heavily influenced by European trends, with the use of ornate details and grand spaces. However, over time, a unique Brazilian style began to emerge, blending elements of both the indigenous and colonial styles. This new style incorporated the use of bright colours, bold patterns, and natural materials.

Today, Brazilian interior design is known for its vibrant colours and lively patterns. The use of natural materials, such as wood and stone, is still prevalent, as well as a focus on creating spaces that are in harmony with the surrounding environment. The influence of the indigenous and colonial styles can still be seen in modern Brazilian design, creating a unique blend that is both contemporary and timeless.

The history of architecture and design in Argentina, like Brazil, is deeply influenced by European styles, particularly those of Spain and Italy. During the colonial period, homes were built in the traditional Spanish colonial style, featuring high ceilings, courtyards, and ornate details such as intricate tilework and wrought iron. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the influence of Art Nouveau and Art Deco styles brought new forms of decoration and design to Argentina, including the use of geometric shapes and bold colors.

In the mid-20th century, Argentina saw a rise in modernist architecture and design, characterized by clean lines, minimal ornamentation, and the use of new materials such as concrete and steel. This style was heavily influenced by the work of Le Corbusier and other European and American architects and designers. Today, the interior design in Argentina reflects a mix of traditional and modern styles, with a focus on functionality and simplicity. Contemporary Argentine designers often incorporate elements of traditional design, such as tiling and woodwork, into modern spaces. They also incorporate natural materials such as wood, stone, and linen, creating warm, inviting spaces.

Mexican architecture and design has a rich and long history that is deeply rooted in the country's indigenous cultures and Spanish colonial influences. The pre-Columbian cultures of Mexico, such as the Aztecs and Maya, had a strong sense of aesthetics and were known for their intricate decoration and use of vibrant colours. This aesthetic sense was incorporated into the design of their temples and palaces, which were adorned with intricate carvings, frescoes, and mosaics.

During the Spanish colonial period, Mexican design was heavily influenced by the Baroque style, which was popular in Europe at the time. This style was characterized by ornate decoration, gilded details, and grandiose architectural features. The Spanish also introduced new building techniques and materials, such as adobe and cantera stone, which were used to construct grand churches and government buildings. Today, many of these colonial-era buildings have been preserved and continue to influence modern Mexican design.

In modern Mexico, interior design is a fusion of traditional and contemporary styles. The use of bold colours, intricate patterns, and handcrafted details are hallmarks of Mexican design. Indigenous motifs and symbols are often incorporated into the decor, as well as elements of the colonial-era architecture, such as arches and terracotta tile floors. Today, there are also many Mexican interior designers who are incorporating modern design elements and technologies while still maintaining the traditional essence and cultural identity of Mexico in their work.

Oceania

Oceania, a region made up of thousands of islands in the Pacific Ocean, has a rich and diverse history of interior design. The traditional interior design of Oceania is heavily influenced by the region's indigenous cultures and the materials available on the islands. For example, in Melanesia, interiors were decorated with woven mats, tapa cloth, and bark cloth, while in Polynesia, interiors were adorned with woven palm fronds and other natural materials.

The history of interior design in Australia and New Zealand can be traced back to the colonial period, when European settlers brought with them their own design traditions and styles. Early interior design in these countries was heavily influenced by Victorian and Edwardian styles, with an emphasis on grandeur and opulence. However, as the colonies began to establish their own identities, there was a growing interest in incorporating indigenous materials and motifs into interior design.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, European colonialism brought new influences to Oceania's interior design. Missionaries and traders introduced new materials, such as glass and ceramics, and new styles, such as Victorian and Georgian. These influences blended with traditional designs, creating a unique fusion of styles. In the 20th century, the tourism industry played a role in shaping Oceania's interior design, with the construction of resorts and hotels leading to an increased demand for Western-style interiors.

Europe

Interior design in Europe is highly diverse, as it reflects the wide range of cultural influences and historical developments that have shaped the continent. There is no singular "European" interior design style, just like every other region we have looked at has its own unique design traditions and aesthetic influences.

One example of this diversity can be seen in the different architectural styles of Northern and Southern Europe. Northern European countries, such as Denmark and Sweden, are known for their minimalist, functional design styles that prioritize functionality and simplicity. In contrast, Southern European countries like Italy and Spain have a more ornate and decorative design aesthetic, with a strong emphasis on colour, pattern, and textures.

Another example of how the interior design of Europe is shaped by cultural and historical factors is the various architectural styles found throughout the continent. Gothic architecture, which originated in medieval Europe, is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, and can be found in many European cathedrals. Meanwhile, the Baroque style, which developed during the 17th century in Italy, is characterized by grandeur, drama, and movement, and can be seen in many European palaces and churches.

The design of Eastern Europe is quite different as well, it's heavily influenced by Byzantine, Ottoman, and Russian cultures. This is reflected in the use of rich fabrics and intricate patterns, as well as the use of bold colours and heavy ornamentation.

The continent is home to a diverse array of design traditions, aesthetic influences, and historical developments that vary greatly from country to country. These differences in culture and history have created a tapestry of interior design styles that are unique to each individual nation.

Africa

The architecture of Africa is a melting pot of diverse traditions and styles, unique to different regions and communities across the continent. For centuries, local architectural practices have been shaped by a range of factors, including geography, cultural identity, and historical events.

A common theme in African architecture is the use of fractal scaling, where smaller parts of the structure tend to mirror larger elements, often seen in circular villages made of circular houses. It also makes use of a variety of materials, ranging from thatch and wood, to mud, brick, earth, and stone, each with its own specific regional preferences.

The early history of South Africa was dominated by indigenous tribal cultures, with each tribe having its own distinct style and traditions. These have had a lasting impact on the country and can still be seen in some rural communities today.

As European colonizers began to settle in South Africa in the 17th century, they brought with them new architectural styles and design concepts. This led to a fusion of European and African design, creating a unique and distinctive style. During the colonial period, many grand homes and public buildings were built in this style, including Cape Dutch architecture which is still popular today.

In modern South Africa, interior design continues to evolve and reflect the country's cultural diversity. It is also known for its vibrant art scene, which has a strong influence on interior design. Many local artists create unique and bold pieces that are used as statement pieces in homes and commercial spaces. Overall, the interior design of South Africa is a reflection of the country's rich history and cultural diversity, and continues to evolve and adapt to the changing times.

Egypt history spans thousands of years, and this is reflected in its art, architecture and interior design. The ancient Egyptians were master builders and are famous for their monumental structures, such as the pyramids and temples, which display a unique blend of form and function. The ancient Egyptians used a combination of mud bricks, stone, and wood to create these structures, and their skills and techniques are still studied and admired today.

Throughout the centuries, Egypt's architecture and interior design evolved with the changing political, social, and economic landscape of the country. For example, during the Islamic period, there was a focus on the creation of ornate and intricate geometric designs, which can still be seen in many of the country's historic buildings, such as the Alhambra in Spain and the Sultan Hassan Mosque in Cairo. The Ottoman Empire also left its mark on Egypt, with the introduction of Ottoman-style architecture, which can be seen in buildings such as the Abdeen Palace in Cairo.

Today, modern interior design in Egypt is heavily influenced by traditional styles, with a focus on bright colors, intricate patterns, and the use of natural materials. Contemporary designers are often inspired by the rich cultural heritage of the country, and they strive to create spaces that reflect both the past and the present.

There is a wealth of information on the subject of architectural history and interior design that has yet to be explored. From the birth of various cultures and regions, to the impact of historical events and beliefs, the design and architecture of a place is shaped by a complex combination of factors. The topic of religious architecture, which I didn’t get a chance to get into here, is also worth exploring in its own right. It will require a much longer write-up to delve into all of this. I can’t wait!